Корбар:TajikMaterialist/Сиёҳнавис/Таҳаввул

Таҳаввул (русӣ: эволюция аз лот. evolutio — «густариш») — раванди табиии инкишофёбии табиати зинда, ки бо тағйирёбии таркиби генетикии популятсияҳо, ташаккули мутобиқшавӣ, ҷинспайдошавӣ ва нобудшавии намудҳо, дар маҷмӯъ табдилёбии экосистемаҳо ва биосфера мебошад.^[1]

Таҳаввул — тағйирёбии табии хусусиятҳои ирсии популятсияи биологӣ дар наслҳои оянда мебошад.^[2]^[3] Ин хусусиятҳо ифодаи генҳоест, ки ҳангоми афзоиш аз волидайн ба насл мегузаранд. Хусусиятҳои гуногун дар дохили ҳар як популятсия одатан дар натиҷаи мутатсия, рекомбинатсияи генетикӣ ва дигар манбаъҳои тағйирпазирии ирсӣ, мавҷуд мебошанд.^[4]

Таҳаввул вақте рух медиҳад, ки равандҳои таҳаввулотӣ ба монанди интихоби табиӣ (аз ҷумла интихоби ҷинсӣ) ва дрейфи генетикӣ ба ин тағйирпазирӣ таъсир мерасонанд, ки дар натиҷа хусусиятҳои муайян дар дохили популятсия бештар паҳн ё нодир мешаванд.^[5] Маҳз ҳамин раванди таҳаввулот гуногунии биологиро дар ҳама сатҳҳои ташкилоти биологӣ, аз ҷумла сатҳи намудҳо, организмҳои инфиродӣ ва молекулаҳо, ба вуҷуд овард.^[6]^[7]

Назарияи илмии таҳаввул бо интихоби табиӣ аз ҷониби Чарлз Дарвин ва Алфред Рассел Уоллес дар нимаи асри 19 мустақилона таҳия карда шуд ва дар китоби Дарвин дар бораи пайдоиши намудҳо (1859) муфассал баён карда шудааст.^[8]

History of evolutionary thought вироиш

Lucretius

Alfred Russel Wallace

Thomas Robert Malthus

In 1842, Charles Darwin penned his first sketch of On the Origin of Species.^[9]

Classical times вироиш

Medieval вироиш

Pre-Darwinian вироиш

Darwinian revolution вироиш

Pangenesis and heredity вироиш

The 'modern synthesis' вироиш

Further syntheses вироиш

Heredity вироиш

DNA structure. Bases are in the centre, surrounded by phosphate-sugar chains in a double helix.

Variation вироиш

[[file:|image=|200px|alt=]]

White peppered moth

[[file:|image=|200px|alt=]]

Black morph in peppered moth evolution

Mutation вироиш

Duplication of part of a chromosome

Sex and recombination вироиш

Gene flow вироиш

Mechanisms вироиш

Mutation followed by natural selection results in a population with darker colouration.

Natural selection вироиш

Genetic hitchhiking вироиш

Genetic drift вироиш

Simulation of genetic drift of 20 unlinked alleles in populations of 10 (top) and 100 (bottom). Drift to fixation is more rapid in the smaller population.

Gene flow вироиш

Mutation bias вироиш

Mutation bias is usually conceived as a difference in expected rates for two different kinds of mutation, e.g., transition-transversion bias, GC-AT bias, deletion-insertion bias. This is related to the idea of developmental bias.

Outcomes вироиш

A visual demonstration of rapid antibiotic resistance evolution by E. coli growing across a plate with increasing concentrations of trimethoprim.^[10]

Adaptation вироиш

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Homologous bones in the limbs of tetrapods. The bones of these animals have the same basic structure, but have been adapted for specific uses.

Coevolution вироиш

Common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) has evolved resistance to the defensive substance tetrodotoxin in its amphibian prey.

Cooperation вироиш

Speciation вироиш

The four geographic modes of speciation

Extinction вироиш

Tyrannosaurus rex. Non-avian dinosaurs died out in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Evolutionary history of life вироиш

Шаблон:Life timeline

Origin of life вироиш

Common descent вироиш

Evolution of life вироиш

Шаблон:PhylomapA

Applications вироиш

Social and cultural responses вироиш

As evolution became widely accepted in the 1870s, caricatures of Charles Darwin with an ape or monkey body symbolised evolution.^[11]

Пайвандҳо вироиш

Эзоҳ вироиш

↑ Kutschera U, Niklas KJ The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis(англ.) // Naturwissenschaften. — 2004. — Vol. 91, no. 6. — P. 255-276.
↑ Hall & Hallgrímsson 2008, pp. 4–6
↑ Evolution Resources. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Баргирифта аз сарчашмаи аввал 3 июни 2016.
↑ Futuyma & Kirkpatrick 2017, pp. 79–102, Chapter 4: Mutation and Variation
↑ (May 2014) «The Niche Construction Perspective: A Critical Appraisal». Evolution 68 (5): 1231–1243. doi:10.1111/evo.12332. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 24325256. “Evolutionary processes are generally thought of as processes by which these changes occur. Four such processes are widely recognized: natural selection (in the broad sense, to include sexual selection), genetic drift, mutation, and migration (Fisher 1930; Haldane 1932). The latter two generate variation; the first two sort it.”
↑ Hall & Hallgrímsson 2008, pp. 3–5
↑ Voet, Voet & Pratt 2016, pp. 1–22, Chapter 1: Introduction to the Chemistry of Life
↑ Darwin 1859
↑ Darwin 1909, p. 53
↑ Baym, Michael (September 9, 2016). «Spatiotemporal microbial evolution on antibiotic landscapes» (en). Science 353 (6304): 1147–1151. doi:10.1126/science.aag0822. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27609891. Bibcode: 2016Sci...353.1147B.
↑ Browne 2003, pp. 376–379

Ҳаволаҳои беруна вироиш

[Kutschera-1] Kutschera U, Niklas KJ The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis(англ.) // Naturwissenschaften. — 2004. — Vol. 91, no. 6. — P. 255-276.

[2] Hall & Hallgrímsson 2008, pp. 4–6

[3] Evolution Resources. Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Баргирифта аз сарчашмаи аввал 3 июни 2016.

[Futuyma2017c-4] Futuyma & Kirkpatrick 2017, pp. 79–102, Chapter 4: Mutation and Variation

[Scott-Phillips-5] (May 2014) «The Niche Construction Perspective: A Critical Appraisal». Evolution 68 (5): 1231–1243. doi:10.1111/evo.12332. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 24325256. “Evolutionary processes are generally thought of as processes by which these changes occur. Four such processes are widely recognized: natural selection (in the broad sense, to include sexual selection), genetic drift, mutation, and migration (Fisher 1930; Haldane 1932). The latter two generate variation; the first two sort it.”

[6] Hall & Hallgrímsson 2008, pp. 3–5

[Voet2016a-7] Voet, Voet & Pratt 2016, pp. 1–22, Chapter 1: Introduction to the Chemistry of Life

[8] Darwin 1859

[9] Darwin 1909, p. 53

[10] Baym, Michael (September 9, 2016). «Spatiotemporal microbial evolution on antibiotic landscapes» (en). Science 353 (6304): 1147–1151. doi:10.1126/science.aag0822. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27609891. Bibcode: 2016Sci...353.1147B.

[11] Browne 2003, pp. 376–379

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