Consonants
|
---|
IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
Approximate English equivalent
|
---|
k
|
क |
ک |
sky
| kʰ
|
ख |
کھ |
ache (khh sound)
| ɡ
|
ग |
گ |
again
| ɡʱ
|
घ |
گھ |
aghast
| ŋ
|
ङ |
ن |
bank (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
| tʃ
|
च |
چ |
catch
| tʃʰ
|
छ |
چھ |
choose
| dʒ
|
ज |
ج |
jazz
| dʒʱ
|
झ |
جھ |
hedgehog (strong jhh sound)
| ɲ
|
ञ |
ن |
roughly like canyon (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
| ʈ
[1]
|
ट |
ٹ |
artist
| ʈʰ
[1]
|
ठ |
ٹھ |
Thai, tarp (deeper thh sound)
| ɖ
[1]
|
ड |
ڈ |
odd, depot
| ɖʱ
[1]
|
ढ |
ڈھ |
adhere
| ɳ
|
ण |
ن |
bunny (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
| t̪
[1]
|
त |
ت، ط |
kite
| t̪ʰ[1] |
थ |
تھ |
thump (dental thh sound)
| d̪
[1]
|
द |
د |
the
| d̪ʱ[1] |
ध |
دھ |
within (as a dhh sound, tongue touches palate, strong air exhalation)
| n
|
न |
ن |
not
| p
|
प |
پ |
pencil
| pʰ
|
फ |
پھ |
pith (phh sound)
| b
|
ब |
ب |
butter
| bʱ
|
भ |
بھ |
abhor
| m
|
म |
م |
much
| j
|
य |
ی |
yak
| r
|
र |
ر |
rapture (r may be trilled)
| l
|
ल |
ل |
leaf
| ʋ
[2]
|
व |
و |
varies between w and v
| ʃ
|
श |
ش |
shoe (light s with h sound)
| ʂ
|
ष |
ش/س |
assure (strong s; no h sound) (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses either [ʃ] (ش) or [s] (س)).
| s
|
स |
ث، س، ص |
sue
| h
|
ह |
ح |
head
| q
|
क़ |
ق |
quail (k in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [k] (क) in Hindi)
| x
|
ख़ |
خ |
Bach (kh in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [kʰ] (ख) in Hindi)
| ɣ
|
ग़ |
غ |
similar to a French r (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [ɡ] (ग) in Hindi).
| z
|
ज़ |
ذ، ز، ض، ظ |
zen, zero
| ʒ
|
श़ |
ژ |
pleasure, seizure
| ɽ
|
ड़ |
ڑ |
gourd
| ɽʱ
|
ढ़ |
ڑھ |
as [ɽ] plus h; somewhat as the US: warhead or Greek rho
| f
|
फ़ |
ف |
phantom, food (f sound)
|
|
Vowels
|
---|
IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
Approximate English equivalent
|
---|
ə
[3]
|
अ, प |
اَ، بَ |
strut, but
| aː
|
आ, पा |
آ, بَا |
far, heart
| ɪ
[4]
|
इ, पि |
اِ، بِ |
dill, still
| iː
[4]
|
ई, पी |
اِی، بِی |
feed
| ʊ
[4]
|
उ, पु |
اُ، بُ |
book, took
| uː
[4]
|
ऊ, पू |
اُو، بُو |
moon
| rɪ
|
ऋ, पृ |
ری، پر |
Syllabic ‹r›: repaired
| eː
|
ए, पे |
اے، بے |
Yale
| ɛː
|
ऐ, पै |
اَے، بَے |
rain,, feign
| oː
|
ओ, पो |
او، بو |
roar
| ɔː
|
औ, पौ |
اَو، بَو |
know, hoe
| ̃
|
ँ |
ـں |
nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)
| ŋ
, ɲ
, ɳ
, n
, m
, ̃
|
ं |
ـں |
jungle
| ɦ
|
ः |
ه |
ahead
|
|